A mutual fund is a collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors. The money is managed by an asset management company (AMC) duly licensed by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). The money is invested by the asset management company on behalf of the unit holders in a portfolio of securities or other financial assets for profits and income. Majority of the income earned by the mutual fund’s portfolio is given back to the investors/ unit holders.
Structure of mutual funds
Mutual funds are established by a Trust Deed between the AMC and the trustee under the Non-Banking Finance Companies (Establishment and Regulation) Rules, 2003 (the “Rules”). Under the regulations an independent trustee registered with the SECP has custody of all mutual fund assets. All Mutual Funds are obliged to appoint an independent trustee, which can be a scheduled bank having a minimum of
‘AA-’ rating and has been in business for at least five years or a subsidiary of scheduled bank having a minimum of AA- rating or an investment finance company having a minimum of AA- rating or a central depository company. The trustee is obligated to ensure that:
Characteristics of mutual funds
Some of the unique characteristics of mutual funds include the following:
Unlike other securities, there is always a willing buyer for your units; an open –end mutual fund must redeem shares at the net asset value, meaning investors can sell their shares back to the fund.
The investment portfolios of mutual funds are managed by separate entities known as “asset management companies (AMCs)” that are licensed by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan.
Advantages and disadvantages
Here are the advantages of investing in mutual funds:
Professional management
Asset management company (AMC) evaluates investment opportunities by researching, selecting and monitoring the performance of the securities purchased by the fund. This is not an easy task for an individual or a corporate entity without specialized knowledge.
Diversification
By spreading your investment across a number of securities and investment sectors, a mutual fund can help lower your risk if a company or sector fails. Diversification can be neatly summed up as “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” It would be difficult for an average investor to buy varied securities to achieve the same level of diversification, as is available through investment in a mutual fund.
Affordability
Mutual funds accommodate investors who don’t have a lot of money to invest by setting relatively low Rupee amounts for initial purchases, and subsequent monthly purchases. For example, you can add funds at set amounts of say PKR 1000- 5000 per month or other interval.
Liquidity
Mutual fund unit holders can readily convert their units into cash on any working day. They will promptly receive the current value of their investment within six working days. Investors do not have to find a buyer, the fund buys back (redeems) the units at the current NAV.
Economies of scale
Mutual funds buy and sell large amounts of securities at a time. Your costs for transactions and management fees are shared with fellow unit holders.
Transparency
The performance of a mutual fund is carefully reviewed by various publications and rating agencies, making it easy for investors to compare performance of a fund. As a unit holder, you are provided with regular updates, for example daily NAVs, as well as information on the fund's holdings and the fund manager's strategy.
Tax benefits
Investment in mutual fund schemes entitles the investor to avail tax credit which enhances the overall return on their savings
Disadvantages
However, mutual funds also have features that some investors might view as disadvantages, such as:
Costs despite negative returns
Investors continue to pay sales charges and annual management fees whether or not a fund is performing well.
Lack of control
Investors typically cannot ascertain the exact make-up of a fund’s portfolio at any given time, nor can they directly influence which securities the fund manager buys and sells or the timing of those trades.
Price uncertainty
Real-time pricing information for a listed stock is easily available by checking financial websites or by calling your broker. However, in case of an open-end fund, the price at which you purchase or redeem shares will typically depend on the fund’s NAV, which the fund might not calculate until many hours after you’ve placed your order. In general, most mutual funds must calculate their NAV at the end of the day.